r/Hecate • u/Fancy_Speaker_5178 • 7h ago
A Hekatean Reworking of the Charm to Restrain Anger and Secure Success (PGM XXXVI.161–177)
Hi there everybody,
Hope you are all doing well!
I've recently been thinking about whether spells from the Greek Magical Papyri can be edited for a contemporary devotional practice, especially when the deity one wishes to work with does not appear in the surviving text.
Personally, I think they can, provided that the original architecture and theological context remain visible.
The charm I am looking at today is PGM XXXVI.161–177, described as a “Charm to restrain anger and charm for success", which is an especially useful example because its ritual action is simple, but the divine names involved are anything but.
Hekate does not appear in the original charm, and neither the mysterious names at its beginning nor the angels written upon the papyrus should be casually relabelled as manifestations of Her. Instead, I wanted to preserve the charm and add Hekate only where Her authority can join its existing purpose without displacing the beings already invoked.
Respect also does not require us to pretend that an ancient ritual text can never be touched, because I believe it instead requires us to distinguish what the papyrus actually says from what we have chosen to add.
The Hekatean material I've added therefore is visible as an addition, because it's coherent with Her established sacred domain, and restrained enough that the original spell is still recognisable beneath it.
And of course, I'm open to correction as well, if anyone more experienced or knowledgeable has any feedback. Please enjoy—it was a pleasure reworking this spell!
- The origins of Her name.
- Her ancestral lineage.
- Her role in Hesiod's Theogony.
- An exploration of Her Orphic Hymn.
- Hekate's Temple at Lagina.
- Hekate's arrival in Greece.
- The rise of Her chthonic powers.
- Deipnon in a traditional context.
- Hekate's role in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter.
- Why the Maiden-Mother-Crone schema is a modern invention.
- Hekate's role in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter.
- Decoding The Charm of Hekate Ereshkigal Against Fear of Punishment.
- Decoding The Prayer to Selene For Any Spell (PGM IV.2785-2890).
- Analysing a lead tablet invoking Hekate.
- The Sardis and Pergamon Triangles.
- A Hekatean Reworking of the Consecration Rite for All Purposes (PGM IV.1596–1715)
- Hekate's identification with the Lunar Goddess Mēnē.
- Casting fortune magic with Hekate.
- Hekate's Role In 'An Invocation to Scirlin'
- Hekate in Japan?
- Hekate, Samsin Halmeoni, And The Threshold of Birth
- A Free Hekate Resource: Quotes and References Across History, Literature, and Pop Culture
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The spell, firstly, requires the practitioner to hold their thumbs while repeating the formula seven times. Such bodily gestures, however, are far from incidental. Across the ancient Mediterranean, the hands themselves were understood as instruments of ritual power, capable of averting evil, strengthening spoken charms, or directing supernatural forces.
Archaeological evidence from Roman Britain, for example, attests to the widespread use of the manus fica (“fig sign”) as an apotropaic gesture, while the Greek Magical Papyri preserve several operations in which grasping or enclosing the thumb accompanies the spoken invocation. The gesture thus, should therefore be understood as an integral component of the spell rather than a mere mnemonic instruction.
ERMALLOTH ARCHIMALLŌTH, stop the mouths that speak against me, because I glorify your sacred and honoured names which are in heaven.
The formula begins with two mysterious names, ERMALLOTH and ARCHIMALLŌTH, who, unlike Michael or Raphael, cannot be securely identified with a known angel, Greek god, Egyptian deity, or other familiar supernatural figure.
They belong to the category usually called voces magicae: foreign, altered, invented, or otherwise obscure ritual names whose authority was not necessarily dependent upon their having a transparent meaning in ordinary Greek. Throughout the PGM, such names appear beside recognisable gods and angels without any sharp distinction being made between them. Their opacity was often part of their ritual value, giving the impression that they belonged to a sacred language older or more powerful than ordinary human speech.
That does not mean, however, that ERMALLOTH and ARCHIMALLŌTH are meaningless, as the text calls them “sacred and honoured names which are in heaven,” and therefore treats them as celestial powers capable of hearing praise and carrying out a command.
The ending -lōth is suggestive because it resembles endings found in Semitic words and divine formulas circulating throughout late antique magic. One might think of names such as Sabaoth, though resemblance alone is not enough to establish a direct etymology. Greek scribes regularly rendered foreign names according to sound, and repeated copying could alter them further.
There may also be a relationship to the magical name MOLOTH, which appears elsewhere in the PGM and continued to circulate in later magical texts in forms such as Meloth and Mouloth. David Porreca groups MOLOTH among names whose cultural origin remains uncertain, which at least shows that formations ending in -m/malloth belonged to a broader magical vocabulary rather than being unique to this one charm.
ARCHIMALLŌTH , however, appears to intensify or elevate the second part of the name. The opening archi- is recognisably Greek and means “chief,” “principal,” or “ruling,” as in archangelos, a chief angel, or archiereus, a high priest. ARCHIMALLŌTH could therefore have been heard as something like “Chief Malloth” or “Ruling Malloth.”
However, this remains an interpretation of its form rather than a secure translation. We do not know whether MALLOTH was understood as an independent being, a foreign divine title, or simply one portion of a longer magical name.
The relationship between ERMALLOTH and ARCHIMALLŌTH may therefore be cumulative. The charm first invokes one mysterious celestial name and then an enlarged or ruling form of the same power. Magical speech often builds authority through repetition with variation: a name is spoken, expanded, doubled, reversed, or furnished with an additional title so that the force of the utterance gathers as it proceeds.
“Stop the mouths that speak against me” then identifies the operation itself: the spell does not ask for the physical destruction of an enemy, but instead seeks to arrest hostile speech: accusation, criticism, slander, argument, testimony, complaint, or any other verbal action capable of damaging the practitioner’s position.
The mouth thus becomes a threshold through which anger enters the social world. A thought or grievance remains contained until it is spoken. Once it crosses the lips, it can travel, persuade, accuse, injure a reputation, or provoke further conflict. To stop the mouth is therefore to halt the hostile action at the point of passage.
The practitioner justifies this restraint by saying, “because I glorify your sacred and honoured names.”
This reflects an important magical principle. Divine names are not decorative additions to the command, as speaking them establishes access to the power they contain. The practitioner claims protection because they have recognised, honoured, and correctly uttered the names of the celestial beings addressed.
The phrase “which are in heaven” also prepares us for the written portion, where the charm expands into a long list of angelic names.
I am CHPHYRIS. I must be successful.
It is within this context that the written charm, which augments the spoken words when written on papyrus, opens with the unexplained declaration: “I am CHPHYRIS. I must be successful.”
CHPHYRIS cannot be confidently identified. The spelling represents a Greek transliteration of a name or ritual word whose original language and meaning are uncertain. It may be an assumed magical identity, a divine name spoken in the first person, an altered foreign word, or a formula that had already become obscure by the time the papyrus was written.
This may even represent a form of ritual identification in which the operator assumes the authority of a divine or magical being.
Similar transformations occur elsewhere in the PGM, where the practitioner speaks as a god, identifies themselves with a cosmic power, or claims a supernatural name in order to make the following command efficacious.
MICHAEL, RAPHAEL, ROUBEL
Michael is the first clearly recognisable angel in the sequence, whose name derives from the Hebrew Mikha’el, meaning “Who is like God?” In Jewish and Christian tradition, Michael is the heavenly protector and commander who opposes hostile spiritual forces. Here, it's assumed that his name invokes divine protection against danger.
Raphael comes from the Hebrew Rəpha’el, meaning “God heals.” Although chiefly associated with healing, Raphael also represents restoration, protection, and the return of order. Within this charm, he possibly complements Michael by suggesting the repair of harm alongside protection from it.
Roubel is more obscure—Porreca identifies it as a Hebraic name that continued to appear in later magical traditions in forms such as Raubeil and Raubeyl, showing it was recognised beyond this single text.
It may even preserve a form of Reuben, though its exact origin and function remain uncertain. For the purposes of this charm, Roubel is perhaps best understood as an angelic or celestial name whose specific role is not explained.
NARIEL, KATTIEL, ROUMBOUTHIEL
Nariel ends with the angelic suffix -el (“God”), though its first element is uncertain. It may derive from the Hebrew ner(“lamp” or “light”), giving the sense “Light of God.” Later traditions associate Nariel with the south wind, confirming its continued use as an angelic name. Its repetition in this charm was likely deliberate, reinforcing its protective authority.
Kattiel likewise follows the familiar Semitic angelic form ending in -el, although its exact meaning is unknown. Porreca notes related forms such as Captiel and Castiel in later magical texts, suggesting the name continued to circulate despite variations in spelling. Here, Kattiel is best understood as an angelic name whose specific role is unspecified.
Roumbouthiel (later repeated as Roubouthiel) is among the most obscure names in the list. While the ending -el marks it as angelic, its meaning cannot be securely recovered. The slight spelling variation between the two occurrences was probably acceptable within the tradition, and its repetition suggests particular ritual significance even if its individual identity is now lost.
AZARIEL, IOEL, IOUEL
Azariel derives from the Hebrew root ʿ-z-r (“help”) together with El (“God”), giving the sense “God has helped” or “Help of God.” The meaning closely matches the purpose of the charm, invoking divine assistance and protection. It also shows that some names in the spell retain clear Semitic meanings, even if others have become obscure.
Ioel corresponds to the Hebrew Yo’el, meaning “YHWH is God.” Rather than describing one of God’s attributes, the name combines two divine names into a concise declaration of God’s supremacy. Within the charm, its authority appears to lie in the sacred names it contains, whether understood as an angelic or theophoric name.
Iouel is closely related to Ioel and may reflect forms such as Yahoel or Jehoel, angelic names built from the divine names YHWH and El. Although its precise identity cannot be confirmed, the pairing Ioel–Iouel likely strengthens the formula through deliberate variation, echoing the expanded name-pairs found elsewhere in the charm.
EZRIEL, SOURIEL, METMOURIEL
Ezriel derives from the same Hebrew root for help as Azariel and can be understood as “God is my help” or “Help of God.” Whether it represents a different grammatical form or a variant pronunciation, the name again emphasises divine assistance, fitting the charm’s plea for protection and success.
Souriel is probably related to the angelic names Suriel or Sariel. It is often connected to the Hebrew śar (“prince” or “ruler”), giving the sense “Prince of God” or “God is my ruler.” Although Sariel appears in Jewish angelological traditions, its functions vary, so Souriel is best understood here as another recognised angelic name without a fixed office.
Metmouriel is one of the most obscure names in the list. The ending -iel clearly marks it as angelic, but its first element has no secure interpretation and may preserve a distorted Semitic or even Egyptian form.
AZAEL, AZIEL, SAOUMIEL, RABCHLOU, ENAEZRAËL
Azael is a Semitic angelic name, possibly meaning “God is strong” or “Strength of God.” Although it resembles names such as Asael or Azazel, there is no reason to identify them with one another here. Within this protective charm, Azael is best understood as a benevolent angelic name associated with divine strength.
Aziel is closely related to Azael and may mean “God is my strength” or “God strengthens.” The pairing of the two names continues the charm’s pattern of invoking closely related sacred names, whether as separate angels or variant forms of the same tradition.
Saoumiel continued into later magical traditions, where it was sometimes identified with Samuel or Samael. The spelling does not allow either identification to be confirmed, though it demonstrates how magical names were reshaped over time. In this charm, Saoumiel functions simply as one of the protective angelic names.
Rabieel appears twice in the sequence. Its first element resembles the Hebrew rabbī (“my master” or “my teacher”), suggesting a meaning such as “God is my master.” The repetition was likely intentional, reinforcing the name’s ritual authority rather than reflecting a copying error.
Rabchlou, interestingly, stands apart from the surrounding names because it lacks the usual -el ending. While its opening rab- may suggest greatness or mastery, the remainder of the name is obscure and may represent a damaged form or a vox magica. Even so, the charm explicitly identifies the entire group as angels, making Rabchlou part of the protecting company regardless of its uncertain origin.
Enaezraël appears to preserve the familiar name Ezrael or Azrael, preceded by the obscure element ena-. The underlying name probably belongs to the same family as Azariel and Ezriel, carrying the sense of “Help of God.”Although later traditions associate Azrael with death, that role should not be assumed here. As the final name in the sequence, Enaezraël brings the angelic catalogue to its conclusion with another recognisable -el name despite its uncertain prefix.
Angels, protect me from every bad situation that comes upon me.
Only after the full sequence has been written does the charm identify the assembled beings collectively as angels and state what they must do instead of the practitione asking each angel for a separate favour according to a neatly organised hierarchy. Those meanings help us understand the resonances carried by their names, but the spell itself gives them one collective task: They are to protect the operator from every bad situation that comes upon them.
“Comes upon me” is particularly important because it imagines misfortune as something approaching from outside—a harmful circumstance is expected to move towards the practitioner and threatens to overtake them; hence, the angels form the defence against that movement.
Where, then, does Hekate enter?
I did not think the answer is to remove ERMALLOTH and ARCHIMALLŌTH, replace the angels with a parade of Hekate’s epithets, or rewrite CHPHYRIS into a modern declaration of devotion.
That would preserve the spell’s purpose while discarding nearly everything that makes it this particular spell.
Instead, Hekate can be added through a short invocation between the declaration of success and the angelic list:
I am CHPHYRIS. I must be successful. Hekate Enodia, stand beside me upon the road along which this matter unfolds, and turn every hostile approach away from me.
MICHAEL, RAPHAEL, ROUBEL, NARIEL, KATTIEL, ROUMBOUTHIEL, AZARIEL, IOEL, IOUEL, EZRIEL, SOURIEL, NARIEL, METMOURIEL, AZAEL, AZIEL, SAOUMIEL, ROUBOUTHIEL, RABIEEL, RABIEEL, RABCHLOU, ENAEZRAËL, angels, protect me from every bad situation that comes upon me.
I chose Enodia (She of the Road), because the original petition describes harmful circumstances as things that “come upon” the practitioner. Success lies somewhere ahead for them, while hostility approaches along the same social and circumstantial pathways.
Hekate Enodia is therefore, invoked as the goddess governing the road upon which the entire matter unfolds.
“Stand beside me” also reflects Hekate’s ancient capacity to accompany, guide, and give favour to mortals, rather than forcing Her into a strictly apotropaic function. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Her support can determine success in political assemblies, contests, warfare, horsemanship, fishing, and the management of herds—thus, I've considered that Her favour does not belong to one isolated category of life; it alters how human endeavours proceed.
The phrase “turn every hostile approach away from me” then connects Her liminal authority with the charm’s purpose.
Hekate governs roads, entrances, gates, and boundaries. Here, the bad situation is treated as something approaching a protected threshold. The angels provide the celestial company of protection, while Hekate controls the route by which the threat attempts to arrive.
The finished adaptation therefore contains these several layers:
1. ERMALLOTH and ARCHIMALLŌTH restrain the hostile mouths.
2. CHPHYRIS becomes the ritual identity from which success is declared.
3. Hekate Enodia governs the path upon which those circumstances unfold, turning hostility away and directing the matter towards success.