Today marks exactly 56 years since the passing of Chief Hosea Kutako, Namibia’s paramount Herero leader, who died on 18 July 1970 at the age of 100 in Aminuis. He is remembered as the “father of Namibian nationalism” for petitioning the United Nations against South African rule and mentoring future leaders like Sam Nujoma.

I’ve just finished sculpting and painting Kaiser Wilhelm I, the first German Emperor, in 90mm resin.

Wilhelm I (1797–1888) served as King of Prussia before becoming the first Emperor of the newly unified German Empire. His proclamation in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on 18 January 1871 marked the birth of the German Empire and one of the defining moments in nineteenth-century European history.

My goal was to capture his dignified appearance rather than create a dramatic battlefield pose, as befits a museum-style historical miniature.

I'd love to hear what history enthusiasts think. Does the likeness capture Wilhelm I well?

Peking and Tiensin Times 23rd september 1905

Kinda wodner that what that button meant.

Also, sometimes there was only one button, but sometimes it had two buttons.

So, what is the two-button one?

So Germany won ww1 but you can’t afford HOI4? Well here you go: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1k_VE-N83sCU2gRjiXrwqfk-iMIWyiXSo0Vykevf6QpY/edit?usp=drivesdk

This photo captures an accident involving a German military convoy at the Kuruçay pass, located between Turhal and Amasya in Türkiye, in 1918. Following the end of WWI and the armistice, German and Austrian soldiers who had been deployed to the Palestine and Middle Eastern fronts began a massive withdrawal. Their route took them from Mosul through Türkiye to the port city of Samsun, where they intended to travel back home via Constanta.

In the autumn of 1918, at the end of WWI, the remaining German troops in Iraq (around 1,200 to 1,500 men) undertook a massive retreat. Their main objective was to reach the Black Sea port of Samsun to avoid falling into British hands as prisoners of war.

They organized into convoys of about 30 trucks each and began a long journey that would take almost three months to complete. Their route took them from Mosul, moving north and passing through Mardin, Diyarbakır, Malatya, Sivas, and Tokat, Türkiye.

The specific convoy seen in this photograph departed from Mosul on October 29 and reached Tokat on December 4. Throughout their retreat, the soldiers extensively documented their route, taking photographs of the settlements and cities they passed through. This particular shot captures the convoy making its way through the town of Çamlıbel in Tokat.

Hi there!

The Grand Duchy of Hesse (and by Rhine, also known as Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt) existed from 1806 to 1918 and became the People's State of Hesse in 1918. It originally formed from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806 and assumed the name Hesse and by Rhine in 1816.

In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt had been promoted to the status of grand duchy and had received considerable new territories, principally in Westphalia. After the French defeat in 1815, Westphalia was taken by Prussia, but Hesse received Rhenish Hesse in return (1816).

Rhine Hesse had been occupied by the First French Republic, had been a client state of France as the Cisrhenan Republic between 1797 and 1801, and had eventually been a part of France until 1814. If I understand correctly (?), it had then been under Austrian and/or Bavarian rule until 1816.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine passed a constitution in December 1820 – available at https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Verfassungsurkunde_(Gro%C3%9Fh_Hess)(1820)(1820)) – and regarding the nationals (Inländer) of the grand duchy, its article 13 reads that "Das Recht eines Inländers (Indigenat) wird erworben • durch die Geburt für denjenigen, dessen Vater oder Mutter damals Inländer waren", i.e. those whose parent was at the time of the birth a national of the grand duchy are nationals.

Before that, the first Hessian citizenship law – available at https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerrecht_(Gro%C3%9Fh_Hessen)(1820)(1820)) — had been passed in March 1820. It similarly read that "Das Recht eines Inländers oder das Indigenat wird erworben: 1.) durch die Geburt für denjenigen, dessen Vater oder Mutter, zur Zeit seiner Geburt, Inländer war."

For the nationals born after 1820, it is crystal clear.

How was it for those born before 1816 in Rhine Hesse to parents from there?

I mean, the locals there were French nationals between 1801 and the fall of the First French Empire.

And before the French domination, they had been (in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation) subjects of Kurpfalz, or of Kurmainz or of the Hochstift Worms...

So, for instance, was after 1820 a national of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine someone born in Rhenish Hesse in 1785 to local parents (also born there to locals) and/or someone born there in 1810 also to local parents (themselves having born there to locals)?

What basically I just underline here is that there were in 1820 in the grand duchy in question locals (of Rhine Hesse born there before 1816) whose parents had not been nationals of that grand duchy at the time of the birth (they had been French by then, or nationals of the Cisrhenan Republic, or subjects of Kurmainz in the HRE, etc...). I am therefore trying to figure out if these locals became nationals of the said grand duchy nonetheless?

Thanks!

Question for my fellow Germans and English speakers; what do you guys think of Erich Von Falkenhayn?

any one want to hang out on instagram?