The World Bank's 2018 study on poverty in developing countries, covering 89 countries across all continents: original, archived copy.
The study reports the share of people living below the international poverty line (less than $1.90 per day) — overall, 12.8% of women and 12.3% of men. This corresponds to 104 poor women for every 100 poor men*. So women are slightly overrepresented among the poor, although the report notes that the gender poverty gap is statistically insignificant in all regions except South Asia (Screenshot 2, p. 9).
According to Figure 5 (Screenshot 1, p. 14), there are roughly 4 times more widows among poor women than there are widowers among poor men**.
This is because women are much more likely to become widows than men are to become widowers, as men have shorter life expectancy and higher mortality rates in all age groups except 80+01330-3/fulltext), and also because widowed women are more likely to fall into poverty, as the husband is far more often the primary or sole breadwinner of the family.
This suggests that the small gender gap in poverty (104 poor women for every 100 poor men) exists at least to some extent (and possibly entirely) because of widows, that is, because of men’s deaths. It is impossible to calculate exactly how much of the gap is explained by widowhood (the report does not contain the data that would make such a calculation possible), but since the overall gender gap in poverty is very small (only a few percent), while the gap between poor widows and poor widowers is very large (about fourfold), and widows make up a substantial share of poor women (about 10% of poor women aged 15+), it is reasonable to assume that if we exclude widowed people, it will at least eliminate a large part of the overall gender gap and at most will reverse it (making men's poverty rate higher than women's).
I often say that the male and female sides of gender inequality are deeply interconnected, and this is a good illustration of that. If we want fewer poor women, we need fewer dead men. We also need a society where men do not carry most of the burden of being the family breadwinner, and women are less financially dependent on them — these are not two separate problems, but two sides of the same problem.
According to Figure 5, the share of poor women is also much higher (roughly three times) among divorcees, although this probably has little effect on the overall gender difference because divorced people make up only a small share of the poor (3% of poor women 15+ and 1% of poor men of the same age group).
Conversely, among those who have never married (aged 15+), there are almost twice as many poor men as women.
About half of poor women ages 25-54 are out of the labour force, which, as I understand it, mostly means they are housewives. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of poor men in the same age group are employed (but still remain poor). Only 12.5% of poor men aged 25-54 are not employed (Screenshot 3, p. 18).
The most common type of poor household is a household with a sole male breadwinner, children, and other dependent adults (mostly wives, as I understand it, screenshots 4-5, pp. 27, 29).
The struggles of these men remain largely invisible at the societal level. The UN and many other international organizations and public institutions that claim to promote gender equality consistently address women's economically vulnerable position (which is indeed vulnerable under traditional gender roles), but they ignore the other side of the same issue — the burden placed on men, which also puts them in a vulnerable position. It seems like no one cares that large numbers of men carry their children and wives on their shoulders, working, yet still remaining poor. This is rarely discussed and is almost never framed as a gender equality issue, even though it is clearly a manifestation of systemic gender inequality affecting men. When this problem is brought up, it is either a rare exception or men's rights activism, which remains marginal and is rarely (if ever) taken into account by policymakers.
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\ It should be noted that the ratio of 104 poor women per 100 poor men reflects the poverty* rate, not the number, accounting for the sex ratio in the overall population. It means that a woman's probability of living in poverty is about 4% higher than a man's. If we compare the numbers (330 million poor women versus 325 million poor men), the ratio is 101.5 to 100.
\* The two bars in Figure 5 represent approximately the same number of people (330 million poor women in the left bar and 325 million poor men in the right bar), so comparing the data from these columns shows an almost exact ratio.*