Baku, later renamed Gorshkov by Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, was one of four kiev-class aircraft carrying cruisers built by the ussr.

All the other ships of this class had bad endings, some being scrapped and others turning into theme parks, russia did keep repairing her because it was the newest kiev class and russia did want to sell her, but still, if no one bough her or if negotiations failed, most likely she would still be scrapped. However, India purchased the ship in 2004.

After massive refits, in which much of the ship's structure was replaced (basically the ship of Theseus) plagued by cost overruns and delays—it was eventually delivered to Indian as the aircraft carrier Vikramaditya. It is currently the flagship of the Indian Navy.

Context: The Edict of Expulsion is a royal decree expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England that was issued by Edward I on 18 July 1290; it was the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence.^\a]) The date of issuance was most likely chosen because it was a Jewish holy day, Tisha B'Av, which commemorates the destruction of Jerusalem and other disasters which the Jewish people have experienced. Edward told the sheriffs of all counties he wanted all Jews expelled before All Saints' Day (1 November) that year.

Jews were allowed to leave England with cash and personal possessions, but the debts which they were owed, their homes, and other buildings—including synagogues and cemeteries—were forfeited to the king. While there are no accounts of attacks on Jews during their departure on land, there were acts of piracy in which Jews died, and others were drowned as a result of being forced to cross the English Channel at a time of year when dangerous storms are common. There is evidence from personal names of Jewish refugees who settled in Paris and other parts of France, as well as Italy, Spain and Germany. Documents which were taken abroad by the Anglo-Jewish diaspora have been found as far away as Cairo. Jewish properties were sold for the benefit of the Crown, Queen Eleanor and selected individuals, who were given grants of property.

By the time he returned to England from Gascony in 1289, Edward I was deeply in debt.^\39]) At the same time, his experiment to convert the Jews to Christianity and removing their dependence on lending at interest had failed; the fifteen-year period in which Jews were allowed to lease farms had ended. Also, raising significant sums of money from the Jewish population had become increasingly difficult because they had been repeatedly overtaxed.^\40])

On 14 June 1290, Edward summoned representatives of the knights of the shires, the middling landowners, to attend Parliament by 15 July. These knights were the group that was most hostile to Jews and usury. On 18 June, Edward sent secret orders to the sheriffs of cities with Jewish residents to seal the archae containing records of Jewish debts. The reason for this is disputed; it could represent preparation for a further tallage to be paid by the Jewish population or it could represent a preparatory step for expulsion.^\41]) Parliament met on 15 July; there is no record of the Parliamentary debates so it is uncertain whether the Crown offered the Expulsion of the Jews in return for a vote of taxation or whether Parliament asked for it as a concession. Both views are argued. The link between these seems certain given the evidence of contemporaneous chronicles and the speed at which orders to expel the Jews of England were made, possibly after an agreement was reached.^\42]) The taxation granted by Parliament to Edward was very high; at £116,000 it was probably the highest of the Middle Ages.^\43]) In gratitude, the Church later voluntarily agreed to pay tax of a tenth of its revenue.^\44])

On 18 July, the Edict of Expulsion was issued.^\45]) The text of the edict is lost.^\46]) On the Hebrew calendar, 18 July of that year was 9 Av (Tisha B'Av) 5050, commemorating the fall of the Temple at Jerusalem; it is unlikely to be a coincidence.^\47]) According to Roth, it was noted "with awe" by Jewish chroniclers.^\48]) On the same day, writs were sent to sheriffs saying all Jews were to leave by All Saints' Day, 1 November 1290, and outlining their duties in the matter.^\49])

Proclamations ordering the population not to "injure, harm, damage or grieve" the departing Jews were made. Wardens at the Cinque Ports were told to make arrangements for the Jews' safe passage and cheap fares for the poor, while safe conduct was arranged for dignitaries,^\40]) such as the wealthy financier Bonamy of York.^\50]) There were limits on the property Jews could take with them. Although a few favoured persons were allowed to sell their homes before they left,^\51]) the vast majority had to forfeit any outstanding debts, homes and immobile property, including synagogues and cemeteries.^\40])

The edict was not an isolated incident, but instead was the culmination of increasing antisemitism in England. During the reigns of Henry III and Edward I, anti-Jewish prejudice was used as a political tool by opponents of the Crown, and later by Edward and the state itself. Edward took measures to claim credit for the expulsion and to define himself as the protector of Christians against Jews, and following his death, he was remembered and praised for the expulsion. The expulsion embedded antisemitism into the English culture of the medieval and early modern periods; such antisemitic beliefs included the belief that England was unique because no Jews lived there. The expulsion edict remained in force during the rest of the Middle Ages, but it was overturned in 1656, more than 365 years later, during the Protectorate, when Oliver Cromwell informally permitted the resettlement of the Jews in England.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion

Context: During World War II, the Spanish State under Francisco Franco espoused neutrality as its official wartime policy. This neutrality wavered at times, and "strict neutrality" gave way to "non-belligerence" after the Fall of France in June 1940. In fact, Franco seriously contemplated joining the Axis powers in support of his allies Italy) and Germany, who brought the Spanish Nationalists) into power during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). On June 19th, he wrote to Adolf Hitler offering to join the war in exchange for help building Spain's colonial empire.^\1]) Later in the same year Franco met with Hitler in Hendaye to discuss Spain's possible accession to the Axis. The meeting was unsuccessful, but Franco did help the Italians and the Germans in various ways such as volunteers, submarines refueling in Spanish ports, sending tungsten and foodstuffs, allowing German intelligence agents to operate in the country and a pro-Nazi propaganda campaign.

Despite ideological sympathy, Franco stationed field armies in the Pyrenees to deter Axis occupation of the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish policy frustrated Axis proposals that would have encouraged Franco to take British-controlled Gibraltar.^\2]) Much of the reason for Spanish reluctance to join the war was due to Spain's reliance on imports from the United States and the United Kingdom as well as fear of the latter's military power. Spain also was still recovering from its civil war, and Franco knew his armed forces would not be able to defend the Canary Islands and Spanish Morocco from a British attack.^\3])

In 1941, Franco approved the recruitment of volunteers to Germany on the guarantee that they only fight against the Soviet Union and not against the western Allies. This resulted in the formation of the "Blue Division" which fought as part of the German army) on the Eastern Front) between 1941 and 1944. In addition, Franco allowed German U-boats to refuel in Spanish ports, a pro-Axis propaganda campaign in the Spanish press, allowed transport of tungsten and foodstuffs to Germany, permitted Gestapo spies to operate in the country and created the Jewish Archive) in case the Germans wanted Spanish Jews.

Spanish policy returned to "strict neutrality" as the tide of war started to turn against the Axis. American pressure in 1944 for Spain to stop tungsten exports to Germany and to withdraw the Blue Division led to an oil embargo which forced Franco to yield. After the war, Spain was not allowed to join the newly created United Nations because of the wartime support for the Axis Powers, and Spain was isolated by many other countries until the mid-1950s after which it became an anti-communist ally of the United States' Western Bloc during the Cold War.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II

Sweden maintained its policy of neutrality during World War II. When the war began on 1 September 1939, the fate of Sweden was unclear. But by a combination of its geopolitical location in the Scandinavian Peninsula, realpolitik maneuvering during an unpredictable course of events, and a dedicated military build-up after 1942, Sweden kept its official neutrality status throughout the war. At the outbreak of hostilities, Sweden had held a neutral stance in international relations for more than a century, since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 and the invasion of Norway.^\1])

At the outbreak of war in September 1939, twenty European nations were neutral. Sweden was one of only nine of these nations to maintain this stance for the remainder of the war, along with Ireland, Portugal,^\2]) Spain,^\3]) Switzerland, and the microstates of Andorra, Liechtenstein, Vatican City, and San Marino. The Swedish Government made a few concessions, and sometimes breached the nation's neutrality in favor of both Germany and, later, the Western Allies.

During the German invasion of the Soviet Union (June–July 1941), Sweden allowed the Wehrmacht to use Swedish railways to transport the German 163rd Infantry Division) along with heavy weapons from Norway to Finland. Until 1943, German soldiers traveling on leave between Norway and Germany were allowed passage through Sweden—the so-called permittenttrafik). Iron ore was sold to Germany throughout the war and Germany owned several mines in Sweden that had been bought by German companies before the outbreak of the war. These mines were called Tyskgruvorna ("German mines"). For the Allies, Sweden shared military intelligence and helped to train soldier refugees from Denmark and Norway, to be used in the liberation of their home countries.^\4]) It also allowed the Allies to use Swedish airbases between 1944 and 1945.

Swedish neutrality remains a subject of debate. Proponents argue that during the war, Sweden softened its policy against accepting refugees, admitting thousands of Jews and political dissenters from Norway and Denmark. Conversely, opponents such as Winston Churchill suggest that Sweden "ignored the greater moral issues of the war and played both sides for profit."^\5])

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden\}during_World_War_II#Humanitarian_effort)

Despite official neutrality, in 1941, the first of four medical missions led by Dr. Alfred Sander of the National Movement was sent by train to the Eastern front to provide humanitarian aid to the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front. Originally the proposal for such forces was rejected by the Swiss federal government, but with the help of the right wing politician, Eugen Bircher, the mission was approved. The Swiss army saw this as an opportunity to test new medical practices in warzones, including the new blood transfusion.^\47])

Swiss personnel were documented for providing surgeries and amputations for German soldiers during the First Battle of Smolensk).^\48]) Most of these amputations were done without anesthetics, which led to many deaths of the wounded German soldiers, which the experiences haunted many volunteers. During the second military mission, personnel were given camouflaged Swiss trucks to use as ambulances. Throughout all four missions, Swiss personnel operated in German occupied Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and Baltic States.

During the medical mission throughout all of the German occupied East, some Swiss personnel would provide humanitarian assistance to Jewish and Soviet prisoners of war, while other personnel would hand Jews to the German authorities, but most would stand by and just document the atrocities without attempting to stop them.^\49]) Many of those doctors felt ashamed that they were unable to step in to further prevent atrocities committed by the Germans, including Dr. Rintelen, who was sent home after a mental break down. At one point, nurses from the military mission were sent to the Warsaw Ghetto and inspected a makeshift cemetery within the ghetto.

In 1944, Swiss personnel narrowly withdrew from the Eastern front after successful Soviet offensives in Stalingrad. During and after the war, Swiss authorities and former members of the mission tried to bury any evidence of their participation, including evidence of their knowledge of the Holocaust. While originally out of fear of the possible Nazi invasion, Operation Tannenbaum, if they were uncooperative, was later to deny any involvement that would have broke their neutrality declarations. Despite this, many doctors still spoke out on the atrocities they witnessed.

Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Each side openly exerted pressure on Switzerland not to trade with the other. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to Germany varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion, and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached their zenith after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Switzerland relied on trade for half of its food and essentially all of its fuel; however, the Swiss controlled vital trans-alpine rail tunnels between Germany and Italy and possessed considerable electrical generating capacity that was relatively safe from air attack. Switzerland's most important exports during the war were precision machine tools, watches, jewel bearings (used in bomb sights), electricity, and dairy products. Until 1936, the Swiss franc was the only remaining major freely convertible currency in the world,^\50]) and both the Allies and the Germans sold large amounts of gold to the Swiss National Bank. Between 1940 and 1945, the German Reichsbank sold 1.3 billion francs (approximately 18 billion francs adjusted for inflation to 2019) worth of gold to Swiss banks in exchange for Swiss francs and other foreign currency, which were used to buy strategically important raw materials like tungsten and oil from neutral countries.^\38]) Hundreds of millions of francs' worth of this gold was monetary gold plundered from the central banks of occupied countries. A total of 581,000 francs' worth of "Melmer" gold taken from Holocaust victims in eastern Europe was sold to Swiss banks.^\38])

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland\}during_World_War_I_and_World_War_II#Financial_relationships_with_Nazi_Germany)

Source: https://archive.org/details/TheodoreSpandounesOnTheOriginsOfTheOttomanEmperors/mode/1up

Context:Iraq invaded Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990, angry that the tiny neighbor and the United Arab Emirates had ignored OPEC quotas, which Saddam claimed cost his nation $14 billion. Saddam also accused Kuwait of stealing $2.4 billion by pumping crude from a disputed oil field and demanded that Kuwait write off an estimated $15 billion of debt that Iraq had accumulated during its 1980s war with Iran.

A World War II fighter pilot shot down fighting against the Japanese, Bush came to view Saddam as similar to Adolf Hitler, a madman who seized neighboring Kuwait and could plunge the world into conflict if he continued into Saudi Arabia. With Vietnam still a potent memory, Bush rallied together a coalition of nations to back the U.S. as it deployed troops to the region and began bombing runs. He talked Israel out of retaliating for Iraqi Scud missiles attacks for fear of alienating Arab allies.

"This will not stand. This will not stand, this aggression against Kuwait,'' Bush famously warned.

And it didn't.

On Feb. 24, 1991, U.S. troops and their allies stormed into Kuwait. It ended 100 hours later. America suffered only 148 combat deaths during the whole campaign, while over 20,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed.

https://www.voanews.com/a/gulf-war-looms-large-over-bush-s-mideast-legacy/4682495.html

Streets and buildings – even children – in Kuwait have been named for former President George Bush, who sent U.S. troops to rescue the country from Iraqi invaders a decade ago.

But Kuwaitis won’t be naming anything for Bush’s son, the current president, 60 Minutes Correspondent Mike Wallace reports.

In a recent visit to the Arab nation, Wallace finds that the same Kuwaitis who cheered George Bush Sr. in a 1993 parade are now denouncing President George W. Bush’s policy of bombing in Afghanistan and support for Israel. Wallace’s report will be broadcast on 60 Minutes Sunday, Nov. 18, at 7 p.m. ET/PT.

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cheers-to-jeers-in-kuwait/

A Baghdad couple said they named their son after President Bush to show their thanks for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. The boy was born July 11 to Nadia Jergis Mohammed, 34, and her husband, Abdul Kader Faris, 41. The boy’s full name is George Bush Abdul Kader Faris Abed Hussein.

“I tell you all Iraqis hated Saddam’s regime. It was only George Bush who liberated us.... He saved us from Saddam, and that’s why we named our son after him,” Mohammed said.

Two older brothers are named more traditionally -- Omar and Ali.

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-aug-29-fg-briefs29.1-story.html

AL-JAHRA, KUWAIT — 

On the outskirts of Kuwait City, the love Kuwaitis have for former U.S. President George H.W. Bush could be seen in 2016 on a billboard one Bedouin family put up to announce their son's wedding.

That son being Bush al-Widhan, born in the aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War that saw U.S.-led forces expel the occupying Iraqi troops of dictator Saddam Hussein.

"He was a real man, a lion,'' said Mubarak al-Widhan, the father of the Kuwaiti Bush, of the American president. "He stood for our right for freedom, and he gave us back our country.''

https://www.voanews.com/a/gulf-war-looms-large-over-bush-s-mideast-legacy/4682495.html

Shah Jahan is widely believed to have favored his eldest son, Dara Shukoh, as his successor. During the Mughal war of succession (1657-1658), however, Aurangzeb defeated Dara, executed him, and imprisoned Shah Jahan in Agra Fort for the rest of his life.